Образование и право

2076-1503

10.24412/2076-1503-2026-9-576-580

Other

Трансформация гражданско-правовой ответственности в цифровой среде

Transformation of civil liability in the digital environment

Добровинская

Алла Владимировна

Alladobro@list.ru

кандидат юридических наук, доцент, доцент кафедры общей юриспруденции, Российского Государственного Социального Университета, 129226, г. Москва, ул. Вильгельма Пика, д. 4, тел.: + 7 (926) 691-26-60

28092026

95765800907202625092026

Статья посвящена анализу трансформации подходов к гражданско-правовой ответственности за вред, причиненный системами искусственного интеллекта, в праве Европейского Союза. Автор рассматривает эволюцию регулирования от проекта Директивы об ответственности за искусственный интеллект (AILD) к формированию дуалистической модели, включающей Регламент об искусственном интеллекте (AI Act) и обновленную Директиву об ответственности за продукцию (PLD) 2024 года. Обосновывается вывод о смещении акцента с ex post механизмов возмещения вреда на ex ante управление рисками через обязательные процедуры риск-менеджмента, технической документации и соответствия стандартам безопасности. Отмечается, что несоблюдение требований AI Act может служить основанием для презумпции дефектности продукта по PLD, что создает эффективный механизм стимулирования безопасного поведения разработчиков. Делается вывод о целесообразности учета европейского опыта при совершенствовании российского гражданского законодательства.

The article is devoted to the analysis of the transformation of approaches to civil liability for damage caused by artificial intelligence systems in the law of the European Union. The author examines the evolution of regulation from the draft Artificial Intelligence Liability Directive (AILD) to the formation of a dualistic model that includes the Artificial Intelligence Act (AI Act) and the updated Product Liability Directive (PLD) of 2024. The paper substantiates the conclusion that the focus has shifted from ex post mechanisms for compensating damages to ex ante risk management through mandatory risk management procedures, technical documentation, and compliance with safety standards. It is noted that non‑compliance with the AI Act requirements can lead to a presumption of product defectiveness under PLD, creating an effective mechanism for incentivizing safe behavior among developers. The article concludes that it is advisable to take into account European experience when improving Russian civil legislation.

civil liabilityartificial intelligencetort liabilitystrict liabilityrisk managementEuropean UnionAI ActProduct Liability Directive

гражданско-правовая ответственностьискусственный интеллектделиктная ответственностьстрогая ответственностьуправление рискамиЕвропейский СоюзAI ActДиректива об ответственности за продукцию

[1] Regulation (EU) 2024/1689 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 June 2024 laying down harmonised rules on artificial intelligence (Artificial Intelligence Act) // OJ L, 2024/1689, 12.7.2024.

[2] Directive (EU) 2024/2853 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 October 2024 on liability for defective products // OJ L, 2024/2853, 18.11.2024. Директива (ЕС) 2024/2853 Европейского парламента и Совета от 23 октября 2024 года об ответственности за дефектную продукцию // OJ L, 2024/2853, 18.11.2024.

[3] Nannini L. When Less Regulation Means More Complexity: The EU AI Liability Directive Withdrawal and Its Impact on European Technological Competitiveness // AIES '25: Proceedings of the AAAI/ACM Conference on AI, Ethics, and Society. 2025.

[4] Commission Services analysis of the links between the proposal for AI Liability Directive, the revised Product Liability Directive and the AI Act. Council of the European Union. 24 July 2024. ST 12518/24.

[5] The EU's approach to AI liability: From liability-centric reform to risk-based regulation // Chambers and Partners. 3 March 2026.

[6] New directive on product liability applies to AI and is now in place // DLA Piper Innovation Law Insights. 6 December 2024.

[7] Liability Rules for Artificial Intelligence. // European Comission. URL: https://commission.europa.eu/topics/business‑and-industry/doing-business-eu/contract-rules/digital-contracts/liability-rules-artificial-intelligence_en (дата обращения: 13.06.2026).

[8] AI Act. // European Comission. URL: https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/regulatory-framework-ai (дата обращения: 13.06.2026).

[9] Directive (EU) 2024/2853 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 October 2024 on liability for defective products and repealing Council Directive 85/374/EEC (Text with EEA relevance). // EUR‑lex. URL: https://eur‑lex.europa.eu/eli/dir/2024/2853/oj (дата обращения: 13.06.2026).

[10] Commission Services analysis of the links between the proposal for AI Liability Directive, the revised Product Liability Directive and the AI Act. Council of the European Union. 24 July 2024. ST 12518/24.

[1] Regulation (EU) 2024/1689 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 June 2024 laying down harmonized rules on artificial intelligence (Artificial Intelligence Act) // OJ L, 2024/1689, 12 July 2024.

[2] Directive (EU) 2024/2853 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 October 2024 on liability for defective products // OJ L, 2024/2853, 18 November 2024.

[5] The EU's approach to AI liability: From liability-centric reform to risk-based regulation // Chambers and Partners. March 3, 2026.

[6] New directive on product liability applies to AI and is now in place // DLA Piper Innovation Law Insights. 6 December 2024.

[7] Liability Rules for Artificial Intelligence. // European Commission. URL: https://commission.europa.eu/topics/business‑and-industry/doing-business-eu/contract-rules/digital-contracts/liability-rules-artificial-intelligence_en (accessed: 13.06.2026).

[8] AI Act. // European Commission. URL: https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/regulatory-framework-ai (accessed: 13.06.2026).

[9] Directive (EU) 2024/2853 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 October 2024 on liability for defective products and repearing Council Directive 85/374/EEC (Text with EEA relevance). // EUR‑lex. URL: https://eur‑lex.europa.eu/eli/dir/2024/2853/oj (access date: 06/13/2026).